{"id":2571,"date":"2022-10-18T19:58:19","date_gmt":"2022-10-18T19:58:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pmascience.com\/pma\/?p=2571"},"modified":"2025-01-25T22:31:08","modified_gmt":"2025-01-25T22:31:08","slug":"pma-science-what-is-stoicism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pmascience.com\/pma\/pma-science-what-is-stoicism\/","title":{"rendered":"PMA\u00a9 Science: What Is Stoicism? A Definition & 9 Stoic Exercises To Get You Started"},"content":{"rendered":"

For those of us who live our lives in the real world, there is one branch of philosophy created just for us: Stoicism. It\u2019s a philosophy designed to make us more resilient, happier, more virtuous and more wise\u2013and as a result, better people, better parents and better professionals. Stoicism has been a common thread though some of history\u2019s great leaders. It has been practiced by Kings, presidents, artists, writers and entrepreneurs. Marcus Aurelius. Frederick the Great, Montaigne, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, Theodore Roosevelt, General James Mattis, \u2014just to name a few\u2014were all influenced by Stoic philosophy. So what is Stoicism? Who were the Stoics? How can you\u00a0<\/i>be a Stoic? We answer all your questions and more below. Click the links below to navigate to a specific section or scroll and read the entirety of the page:<\/p>\n

I. What Is Stoicism?<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u201cOf all people only those are at leisure who make time for philosophy, only they truly live. Not satisfied to merely keep good watch over their own days, they annex every age to their own. All the harvest of the past is added to their store. \u201d \u2014\u00a0Seneca<\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The private diaries of one of Rome\u2019s greatest emperors, the personal letters of one of Rome\u2019s best playwrights and wisest power brokers, the lectures of a former slave and exile, turned influential teacher. Against all odds, some two millennia later, these incredible documents survive. They contain some of the greatest wisdom in the history of the world and together, they constitute the bedrock of what is known as Stoicism\u2014an ancient philosophy that was once one of the most popular civic disciplines in the West, practiced by the rich and the impoverished, the powerful and the struggling alike in the pursuit of the Good Life. Except to the most avid seekers of wisdom, Stoicism is either unknown or misunderstood. To the average person, this vibrant, action-oriented, and paradigm-shifting way of living has become shorthand for \u201cemotionlessness.\u201d Given the fact that the mere mention of philosophy makes most nervous or bored, \u201cStoic philosophy\u201d on the surface sounds like the last thing anyone would want to learn about, let alone urgently\u00a0need<\/i> in the course of daily life. It would be hard to find a word that dealt a greater injustice at the hands of the English language than \u201cStoic.\u201d In its rightful place, Stoicism is a tool in the pursuit of self-mastery, perseverance, and wisdom: something one uses to live a great life, rather than some esoteric field of academic inquiry. Certainly, many of history\u2019s great minds not only understood Stoicism for what it truly is, they sought it out: George Washington, Walt Whitman, Frederick the Great, Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, Adam Smith, Immanuel Kant, Thomas Jefferson, Matthew Arnold, Ambrose Bierce, Theodore Roosevelt, William Alexander Percy, Ralph Waldo Emerson. Each read, studied, quoted, or admired the Stoics. The ancient Stoics themselves were no slouches. The names you encounter on this site in our daily email meditations\u2014Marcus Aurelius, Epictetus, Seneca\u2014belonged to, respectively, a Roman emperor, a former slave who triumphed to become an influential lecturer and friend of the emperor Hadrian, and a famous playwright and political adviser. What have all these and countless other great men and women found within Stoicism that others missed? A great deal. Primarily, that it provides much needed strength, wisdom, and stamina for all of life\u2019s challenges.<\/p>\n

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Who Is Marcus Aurelius?<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u201cAlone of the emperors,\u201d the historian Herodian would write of the man who became known to us as Marcus Aurelius, \u201che gave proof of his learning not by mere words or knowledge of philosophical doctrines but by his blameless character and temperate way of life.\u201d Cassius Dio: \u201cIn addition to possessing all the other virtues, he ruled better than any others who had ever been in any position of power. \u201dBorn April 26th, 121, nobody would have predicted that Marcus Catilius Severus Annius Verus would one day be Emperor of the Roman Empire. The emperor Hadrian, who would have known young Marcus through his early academic accomplishments, sensing his potential, kept an eye on the boy. His nickname for Marcus, whom he liked to go hunting with, was Verissimus\u2014a play on his name Verus\u2014the truest one<\/i>. What exactly Hadrian saw in Marcus is unclear. But by Marcus\u2019s 17th birthday, Hadrian had begun planning something extraordinary. He was going to make Marcus Aurelius the emperor of Rome. <\/i>On February 25th, 138, Hadrian adopted a 51 year old man named Antoninus Pius on the condition that he in turn adopted\u00a0Marcus Aurelius. Given life-expectancy statistics of the time, Hadrian figured this regent and mentor might be at the helm in five years. All was well, except Antoninus lived and ruled for\u00a0twenty three years.\u00a0<\/i>In 161, as Antoninus died and ended one of the longest reigns, Marcus finally became the Emperor of the Roman Empire and ruled for nearly two decades until his death in 180. His reign wasn\u2019t easy: wars with the Parthian Empire, the barbarian tribes menacing the Empire on the northern border, the rise of Christianity, as well as the plague that left millions dead. The famous historian Edward Gibbon wrote that under Marcus, the last of the \u2018Five Good Emperors,\u2019 \u201cthe Roman Empire was governed by absolute power, under the guidance of wisdom and virtue\u201d. The guidance of wisdom and virtue. That\u2019s what separates Marcus from the majority of past and present world leaders. Just look at the journal that he left behind, which is now known as his\u00a0Meditations<\/i>: the private thoughts of the most powerful man in the world, admonishing himself on how to be more virtuous, more just, more immune to temptation, wiser. And for Marcus, Stoicism provided a framework for dealing with the stresses of daily life as a leader of one of the most powerful empires in human history.<\/p>\n

Who Is Seneca?<\/b><\/h3>\n

Born around 4BC in Corduba, Spain, the son of a wealthy and learned writer known to history as Seneca the Elder, Seneca the Younger was destined for great things from birth. Seneca\u2019s father selected Attalus the Stoic to tutor his boy, primarily for his reputation as a man of great eloquence. His son took to education with gusto\u2014by Seneca\u2019s own telling, he cheerfully \u201claid siege\u201d to the classroom and was the first to arrive and last to leave it. The most powerful lesson that Seneca learned from Attalus was on the desire to improve practically, in the real world. The purpose of studying philosophy, Seneca learned from his beloved instructor, was to \u201ctake away with him some one good thing every day: he should return home a sounder man, or on the way to becoming sounder. \u201dWhile his commitment to self-improvement was beloved by his teachers, they also knew that his father\u2014no fan of philosophy\u2014was paying them to train his son for an active and ambitious political career. In Rome, a promising young lawyer could appear in court as early as age 17, and there is little doubt that Seneca was one\u2026but, only in his early twenties, Seneca\u2019s health nearly cut it all short. A lung condition forced him to take an extended trip to Egypt to recover where he would spend nearly a decade writing, reading, and building up his strength. He returned to Rome at 35 in 31 AD\u2014a time of paranoia and violence and corruption and political turmoil. Seneca kept his head down for the most part throughout the equally terrifying reigns of Tiberius and Caligula. His life took a sharp turn in 41 A.D. when Claudius became the emperor and exiled Seneca to the island of Corsica. It would be another eight years away from Rome\u2014and although he started productively (writing Consolation to Polybius, Consolation to Helvia and On Anger in a short span), the many writing consolations soon needed some consoling himself. So began his practice of letter writing, which would continue all his life. Eight years later, in another sharp turn, Agrippina, mother of future emperor Nero and wife of Claudius recalled Seneca from exile to become her son\u2019s tutor and adviser. At 53 years old, Seneca is suddenly elevated to the center of life in the Roman imperial court\u2014a whirlwind of events that history still hasn\u2019t wrapped its head around. In the end, Seneca made only minimal impact on Nero, a man whom time would shortly reveal to be deranged. Was it always a hopeless mission? Probably. But all a Stoic can do is show up and do our work. Seneca believed he had an obligation. As he would later write, the difference between the Stoics and the Epicureans is that the Stoics felt that politics was a duty.<\/p>\n

Who Is Epictetus?<\/b><\/h3>\n

While Seneca would speak, with surprising relatability, about slave owners who became owned by the responsibility and management of their slaves or other Stoics would congratulate themselves for their humane treatment of their human chattel, Epictetus actually was one. His given name is not known.\u00a0Epict\u0113tos<\/i> is Greek meaning \u201cacquired.\u201d\u00a0Epictetus\u00a0was born into slavery. Epictetus\u2019 mention of his owner, Epaphroditus, is surprisingly neutral because we know Epaphroditus was cruel even by Roman standards. Later Christian writers tell us that Epictetus\u2019s master was violent and depraved, at one point twisting Epictetus\u2019s leg with all his might. As a punishment? As a sick pleasure? In a wrestling match? Trying to get a disobedient young kid to follow instructions? We don\u2019t know. All we hear is that Epictetus calmly warned him about taking it too far. When the leg snapped, Epictetus made no sound, he uttered no tears. He smiled and looked at his master and said, \u201cDidn\u2019t I warn you? \u201dFor the rest of his life,\u00a0Epictetus\u00a0would walk with a limp. But Epictetus remained unbroken by the incident. \u201cLameness is an impediment to the leg,\u201d he would later say, \u201cbut not to the will.\u201d Epictetus would choose to see his disability as only a physical impairment, and in fact it was that\u00a0idea of choice<\/i> that defined the core of his philosophical beliefs. Life was like a play, he liked to say, and if it was the playwrights \u201cpleasure you should act a poor man, a cripple, a governor, or a private person, see that you act it naturally. For this is your business, to act well the character assigned you; to choose it is another\u2019s.\u201d And so he did. Law established by Augustus in 4AD determined that slaves could not be freed before their 30th birthday. Epictetus didn\u2019t obtain his freedom until shortly after emperor Nero\u2019s death. He chose to dedicate himself fully to philosophy and taught in Rome for nearly 25 years\u2026Until the emperor Domitian famously banished all philosophers in Rome. Epictetus fled to Nicopolis in Greece where he founded a philosophy school and taught until his death.<\/p>\n

IV. What Are The 4 Virtues of Stoicism?<\/b><\/h3>\n

Courage. Temperance. Justice. Wisdom. They are the most essential values in Stoic philosophy. \u201cIf, at some point in your life,\u201d Marcus Aurelius wrote, \u201cyou should come across anything better than justice, truth, self-control, courage\u2014it must be an extraordinary thing indeed.\u201d That was almost twenty centuries ago. We have discovered a lot of things since then\u2014automobiles, the Internet, cures for diseases that were previously a death sentence\u2014but have we found anything better?\u2026than being brave\u2026than moderation and sobriety\u2026than doing what\u2019s right\u2026than truth and understanding? No, we have not. It\u2019s unlikely we ever will. Everything we face in life is an opportunity to respond with these four traits:<\/p>\n

Courage<\/b><\/h3>\n

If you\u2019ve read Cormac McCarthy\u2019s dark and beautiful novel\u00a0All the Pretty Horses<\/i>, you\u2019ll remember the key question that Emilio Perez asks John Grady, one that cuts to the core of life and what we all must do to live a life worth living.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe world wants to know if you have cojones. If you are brave?\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The Stoics might have phrased this a bit differently. Seneca would say that he actually pitied people who have never experienced misfortune. \u201cYou have passed through life without an opponent,\u201d he said, \u201cNo one can ever know what you are capable of, not even you. \u201dThe world wants to know what category to put you in, which is why it will occasionally send difficult situations your way. Think of these not as inconveniences or even tragedies but as opportunities, as questions to answers. Do I have cojones? Am I brave? Am I going to face this problem or run away from it? Will I stand up or be rolled over? Let your actions etch a response into the record\u2014and let them remind you of why courage is the most important thing.<\/p>\n

Temperance\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n

Of course, life is not so simple as to say that courage is all the counts. While everyone would admit that courage is essential, we are also all well aware of people whose bravery turns to recklessness and becomes a fault when they begin to endanger themselves and others. This is where Aristotle comes in. Aristotle actually used courage as the main example in his famous metaphor of a \u201cGolden Mean.\u201d On one end of the spectrum, he said, there was cowardice\u2014that\u2019s a deficiency of courage. On the other, there was recklessness\u2014too much courage. What was called for, what we required then, was a golden mean. The right amount. That\u2019s what Temperance or moderation is about: Doing nothing in excess. Doing the right thing in the right amount in the right way. Because \u201cWe are what we repeatedly do,\u201d Aristotle also said, \u201ctherefore excellence is not an act, but a habit. \u201dIn other words: Virtue and excellence is a way of living. It\u2019s foundational. It\u2019s like an operating system and the code this system operates on is habit. As Epictetus would later say, \u201ccapability is confirmed and grows in its corresponding actions, walking by walking, and running by running\u2026 therefore, if you want to do something, make a habit of it.\u201d So if we want to be happy, if we want to be successful, if we want to be great, we have to develop the capability, we have to develop the day-to-day habits that allow this to ensue.<\/i>This is great news. Because it means that impressive results or enormous changes are possible without herculean effort or magic formulas. Small adjustments, good systems, the right processes\u2014that\u2019s what it takes.P.S.\u00a0Daily Stoic\u00a0sifted through the greatest Stoic wisdom and aimed it at one of the most challenging parts of life: habit formation and growth. Check out\u00a0Daily Stoic Habits for Success, Habits for Success Challenge!\u00a0Challenge yourself to change what you \u201crepeatedly do.\u201d We are promising that if you can do that, you can achieve excellence\u2014personally and professionally.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Justice<\/b><\/h3>\n

Being brave. Finding the right balance. These are core Stoic virtues, but in their seriousness, they pale in comparison to what the Stoics worshipped most highly: Doing the right thing. There is no Stoic virtue more important than justice, because it influences all the others. Marcus Aurelius himself said that justice is \u201cthe source of all the other virtues.\u201d Stoics throughout history have pushed and advocated for justice, oftentimes at great personal risk and with great courage, in order to do great things and defend the people and ideas that they loved.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Cato gave his life trying to restore the Roman Republic.<\/li>\n
  • And Thrasea and Agrippinus gave theirs resisting the tyranny of Nero.<\/li>\n
  • George Washington and Thomas Jefferson formed a new nation\u2014one which would seek, however imperfectly, to fight for democracy and justice\u2014largely inspired by the philosophy of Cato and those other Stoics.<\/li>\n
  • Thomas Wentworth Higginson, a translator of\u00a0Epictetus, led a black regiment of troops in the US Civil War.<\/li>\n
  • Beatrice Webb, who helped to found the London School of Economics and who first conceptualized the idea of collective bargaining, regularly re-read\u00a0Marcus Aurelius.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Countless other activists and politicians have turned to Stoicism to gird them against the difficulty of fighting for ideals that mattered, to guide them towards what was right in a world of so much wrong. A Stoic must deeply believe that an individual can make a difference. Successful activism and political maneuvering require understanding and strategy, as well as realism\u2026 and hope. It requires wisdom, acceptance and also a refusal to accept the statue quo. It was James Baldwin who most brilliantly captured this tension in Notes of a Native Son<\/i>: It began to seem that one would have to hold in mind forever two ideas which seemed to be in opposition. The first idea was acceptance, the acceptance, totally without rancor, of life as it is, and men as they are: in light of this idea it goes without saying that injustice is commonplace. But this did not mean that one could be complacent, for the second idea was of equal power: that one must never, in one\u2019s own life, accept these injustices as commonplace but one must fight them with all one\u2019s strength. <\/i>A Stoic sees the world clearly\u2026but also sees clearly what the world can be. And then they are brave, and strategic enough to help bring it into reality.<\/p>\n

    Wisdom<\/b><\/h3>\n

    Courage. Temperance. Justice. These are the critical virtues of life. But what situations call for courage? What is the right amount? What is the right thing? This is where the final and essential virtue comes in: Wisdom. The\u00a0knowing.<\/i>\u00a0The\u00a0learning.<\/i>\u00a0The\u00a0experience<\/i> required to navigate the world. Wisdom has always been prized by the Stoics. Zeno said that we were given two ears and one mouth for a reason: to listen more than we talk. And since we have two eyes, we are obligated to read and observe more than we talk as well. It is key today, as it was in the ancient world, to\u00a0 be able to distinguish between the vast aggregations of information that lay out there at your disposal\u2014and the actual wisdom that you need to live a good life. It\u2019s key that we study, that we keep our minds open always.\u00a0You cannot learn that which you think you already know,\u00a0<\/i>Epictetus said. It\u2019s true. Which is why we need to not only be humble students but also seek out great teachers. It\u2019s why we should always be reading. It\u2019s why we cannot stop training. It\u2019s why we have to be diligent in filtering out the signal from the noise. The goal is not just to acquire information, but the right<\/i>\u00a0kind of information. It\u2019s the lessons found in\u00a0Meditations<\/i>, in everything from the actual Epictetus to James Stockdale entering the world of Epictetus. It\u2019s the key facts, standing out from the background noise, that you need to absorb. Thousands of years of blazing insight are available to the world. It is likely that you have the power to learn anything you want at your fingertips. So today, honor the Stoic virtue of wisdom by slowing down, being deliberate, and finding the wisdom you need. Two eyes, two ears, one mouth. Remain a student. Act accordingly\u2014and wisely. P.S. If you\u2019re looking to be a better reader\u2014to build a real reading practice\u2014the Stoics can help. We built out some of their best insights into our\u00a0Daily Stoic: Read-to-Lead Reading Challenge. It\u2019s going to walk you through more than a dozen actionable challenges that will help you elevate your game as a reader, learn how to think more critically and discover important books that will change your life. We\u2019ve got videos and worksheets and all sorts of recommendations and strategies for you. If you\u2019ve liked any of our other courses, you\u2019ll love this one\u2014it\u2019s awesome, it\u2019s actionable and it will help you get a better ROI out of one of the most important ways we spend our time and enrich our minds.\u00a0Give it a shot.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

    V. What Are The Best Books On Stoicism?<\/b><\/h3>\n

    Meditations<\/i><\/b> by\u00a0Marcus Aurelius\u00a0<\/b>Meditations<\/i>\u00a0is perhaps the only document of its kind ever made. It is the private thoughts of the world\u2019s most powerful man giving advice to himself on how to make good on the responsibilities and obligations of his positions.\u00a0Marcus\u00a0stopped almost every night to practice a series of spiritual exercises\u2014reminders designed to make him humble, patient, empathetic, generous, and strong in the face of whatever he was dealing with. You cannot read this book and not come away with a phrase or a line that will be helpful to you next time you are in trouble. Read it, it is practical philosophy embodied.<\/p>\n

    Letters From A Stoic\u00a0<\/i><\/b>by Seneca\u00a0<\/b>While\u00a0Marcus\u00a0wrote mainly for himself,\u00a0Seneca\u00a0had no trouble advising and aiding others. In fact, that was his job\u2014he was Nero\u2019s tutor, tasked with reducing the terrible impulses of a terrible man. His advice on grief, on wealth, on power, on religion, and on life are always there when you need them.\u00a0Seneca\u2019s letters\u00a0are the best place to start, but the essays in\u00a0On the Shortness of Life<\/i>\u00a0are excellent as well.<\/p>\n

    Discourses<\/i><\/b> by\u00a0Epictetus\u00a0<\/b>That Epictetus\u2019 teachings survive\u00a0to us is remarkable. It is only thanks to a student named Arrian, who\u2019s credited with transcribing the lessons he learned in Epictetus\u2019 classroom at the beginning of the second century AD. Arrian wrote in a letter prior to the\u00a0Discourses\u2019<\/em>\u00a0publishing, \u201cwhatever I used to hear him say I wrote down, word for word, as best I could, as a record for later use of his thought and frank expression.\u201d Arrian would use those lessons to achieve renown throughout Rome as a political advisor, military commander, and prolific author. Interestingly, in the first book of\u00a0Meditations<\/i>, titled \u201cDebts and Lessons,\u201d\u00a0Marcus\u00a0thanks one of his philosophy teachers, Rusticus, \u201cfor introducing me to Epictetus\u2019s lectures \u2013 and loaning me his own copy.\u201d<\/p>\n

    The Daily Stoic\u00a0<\/i><\/b>by Ryan Holiday and Stephen Hanselman The Daily Stoic: 366 Meditations on Wisdom, Perseverance, and the Art of Living<\/i>\u00a0features not only 366 all-new translations of brilliant stoic passages but 366 exciting stories, examples and explanations of the stoic principles from\u00a0Marcus Aurelius,\u00a0Seneca\u00a0and\u00a0Epictetus\u00a0but also some of the lesser known but equally wise stoics from Zeno to Cleanthes to Chrysippus. The book takes the reader on a daily journey through practical, pragmatic philosophy. Each day offers a new stoic insight and exercise. By following these teachings, you\u2019ll find the serenity, self-knowledge and resilience you need to live well.<\/p>\n

    The Obstacle Is the Way\u00a0<\/i><\/b>by Ryan Holiday <\/b>Inspired by Stoicism and the maxim from\u00a0Marcus Aurelius\u2014\u201cThe impediment to action advances action. What stands in the way becomes the way\u201d\u2014The Obstacle Is The Way\u00a0<\/i>is a primer of the key principles for thriving under pressure. Through historical examples of great men and women, it teaches us how to overcome adversity and difficulties,\u00a0turn obstacles upside down, and shows us how to love our fate, no matter what it might bring. The book has become a cult classic with coaches and athletes alike and has been featured in prominent outlets\u00a0like\u00a0Sports Illustrated\u00a0and\u00a0ESPN.<\/p>\n

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    For those of us who live our lives in the real world, there is one branch of philosophy created just for us: Stoicism. It\u2019s a philosophy designed to make us more resilient, happier, more virtuous and more wise\u2013and as a result, better people, better parents and better professionals. Stoicism has been a common thread though […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8929,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[38],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2571","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-stoicism"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/pmascience.com\/pma\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/main-qimg-b2feb2ee42cdd21ebec19c5c1f236482-pjlq.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmascience.com\/pma\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2571","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmascience.com\/pma\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmascience.com\/pma\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmascience.com\/pma\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmascience.com\/pma\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2571"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pmascience.com\/pma\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2571\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8930,"href":"https:\/\/pmascience.com\/pma\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2571\/revisions\/8930"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmascience.com\/pma\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8929"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmascience.com\/pma\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2571"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmascience.com\/pma\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2571"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmascience.com\/pma\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2571"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}